Intellectual Life Research Articles

A Strategic Eurocentrism: The Construction of Ottoman Evolutionism in an Uneven World (1870–1900)

Istanbul's intellectual life saw an evolutionist paradigm shift during the Hamidian period (1876–1908). Two generations of intellectuals used their privileged education and the burgeoning printing press to popularize evolutionism to advance global and local claims. On the one hand, selective readings of evolutionism allowed them to claim Ottoman adherence to a superior Caucasian race and to claim belonging to the circle of “civilized nations.” On the other hand, by hailing themselves champions of a new positivist age, oppositional evolutionists sought to challenge the Hamidian establishment and the kind of Islam it represented. Because examinations of Ottoman evolutionism in the Hamidian period reveal the interconnections between new globalized ways of ordering the world, the rise of new Ottoman elites, and conflicting strategies to guarantee imperial survival in the asymmetrical age of empire, they allow transcending narratives centered on the (ir)reconcilability of Islam and evolutionary theories.

Counter Hegemony Through The Role Of The Wasathiyah Millennial Muslim Generation In Realizing World Peace

The research findings indicate that the state's authority over society's intellectual life is entirely pursued through cultural mechanisms. This allows the state to establish jurisdiction authority acquired through legitimate means, such as a public decision to accept or reject a policy decision made by a power holder without resorting to Dominio, which is a form of dominance based on violence. In terms of the millennial wasathiyah Muslim generation's role and attempts to bring about peace, the paradigm is the realization of a pluralistic society made up of people from various ethnic, cultural, religious, and other backgrounds who share the same resolve and goals to establish the country and state.

Reconstructing the life histories of a noble couple from the Joseon period, Korea, based on skeletal evidence and historical records

AbstractThis study is an osteobiography of a noble couple who were members of the “ruling elite” in the 18th‐century Joseon period, Korea. The archaeological context and historical records indicate that the couple lived and died during a period marked by strict observance of social hierarchy. The husband's skeleton exhibits clear evidence of craniosynostosis and spinal scoliosis. In particular, congenital craniosynostosis of the skull likely caused deformities in his craniofacial morphology during his lifetime. The physical deformities and discomforts revealed by his craniofacial and vertebral skeleton shed light on the documented passivity and frequent disruptions to his government positions. Meanwhile, his wife's age at death, 93 years, is exceptionally long. The osteological investigation suggests that she seems to have lived without severe stressors. Her skeletal remains show no evidence of occupational stress or chronic disease. Until now, our understanding of the Joseon period nobility has predominantly relied on artifacts and summaries of the deceased's life discovered in tombs, as well as written documents such as diaries, evaluation records, and letters. This study reconstructs the lives of this couple through osteological evidence, historical records, and social context. This holistic approach will provide a novel perspective for a more comprehensive understanding of the lives of nobility and intellectuals of the period.

Tradition and Development of Lithuanian Terminology

The development of Lithuanian terminology has undergone several stages. The first stage is characterised by elemental terminology development, marked by unsystematic progress before the Industrial Revolution. Due to Lithuania’s socio-cultural circumstances—such as the prevalence of science in international languages, the absence of a standardised public Lithuanian language, occupation, and its peripheral status within the empire—terminology primarily relied on the spoken folk language, lacking a structured scientific foundation. The second stage aligns with Lithuania’s industrial revolution in the middle of the 19th century. With advancements in industry, science, education, the press, and the popular scientific literature, there emerged a demand for new, systematic Lithuanian terminology. The resources from previous centuries proved insufficient in both quality and quantity. Consequently, alongside original Lithuanian terminology, a considerable number of translated terms, calques, and foreign language influences emerged, leading to synonymy issues. Often a patriot or a man of science, who has returned or is returning to the Lithuanian language, has, to put it mildly, insufficient knowledge of Lithuanian word formation and grammar, and hence the rather poor quality of terminology emerges. The third stage of development marks the beginning of systematic and conscious work on terminology, the recognition of terminology as an important auxiliary scientific discipline, and the postulation of its principles in the first half of the 20th century. It is during this period that textbooks and systematic dictionaries were produced in various fields of science (mathematics, geometry, zoology, engineering, philosophy, law, etc.). Even administrative resources are used, with the creation of terminology commissions in various subject areas. It is at this moment that the terminology genius of Stasys Šalkauskis stands out because by creating and reflecting on the terminology of philosophy, he lays the foundations of the science of Lithuanian terminology. His ideas are in line with those of Eugen Wüster, who is considered to be the founder of terminology. The fourth stage of terminology development coincides with the Soviet occupation. Despite the complex situation and language dynamics, the publication of term dictionaries in diverse scientific fields flourished. Notably, all education, from primary school to dissertation defence, was available in the Lithuanian language. Although the influence of Russian was strong and the Soviet school dominated terminology science, this period witnessed substantial development. The fifth stage refers to the recent post-independence times. Terminology work has become much more lively and varied, acquiring a truly international character, and Western ideas of terminology have been widely adopted. A national language policy has emerged. Unfortunately, against the background of the general equality of the languages of the European Union, the language of science is increasingly becoming English, and the number of scientific publications in Lithuanian is decreasing. Therefore, it is sometimes worrying to think what lies ahead for the science of terminology in Lithuania and for the Lithuanian terminology. The science of terminology is young. Both in Europe and in Lithuania. It may have its roots in the early 19th century, but the time of its formation is the middle of the 20th century. However, during this short period of time, due to the efforts of terminologists—both linguists and specialists in the subject areas - the Lithuanian terminology has successfully played its proper role in the Lithuanian language of science and technology. The hope is that the morbidly perceived internationality will not overshadow the Lithuanian language altogether and that the new winds of life will not hinder the development of Lithuanian terminology, which will continue to serve the intellectual life of the Lithuanian nation, despite “occasional setbacks”.

‘Built on my B(l)ack’: racial capitalism and anti-Blackness in predominantly white institutions of higher education

ABSTRACT This article presents a qualitative analysis of Black student organizers’ experiences of racism at the University of Missouri, where they led a resurgence of campus struggles in 2015. Semi-structured interviews with former student organizers were conducted and, together with archival materials, subject to thematic analysis. Black students faced frequent racist aggression, wherein their presence in campus social and intellectual life was cause for white alarm and aggression. Analyzing experiences and impacts of everyday violence in relation to broader systems of anti-Blackness and racial capitalism, the article identifies educational, psychological, social, spatial, material, and political consequences of campus racism. Several broader impacts of anti-Black racism are delineated, including psychological harm, economic dispossession, and institutional maintenance. The findings illuminate the effects of varied but cohesive instances of anti-Black racism in higher education, making visible repetitive moments of everyday violence that universities both enable and erase.

Patients’ perceptions of the importance of improvements and side effects from mandibular advancement device therapy for obstructive sleep apnea and snoring

ABSTRACT Objective To assess which improvements and side effects are considered most important by patients with OSA treated with a MAD. Methods A specific questionnaire consisting of 20 questions, including 10 questions on improvements and 10 on side effects, was developed and mailed to all subjects (54). Results 42 patients, participated in the survey by answering the questionnaire. The results showed that patients placed greater importance on the positive outcomes of treatment, with the most significant being the reduction in snoring and improvement in sleep quality. On the other hand, the side effects of difficulty speaking with the device, tooth mobility, and foreign body sensation were considered important. Conclusions The advantages perceived by the patients appear to outweigh the disadvantages, especially the reduction of snoring, increased productivity, and improved social and intellectual life. Most significant side effects are reversible and short-term, while occlusal changes, is not considered important by patients.

D.H. Lawrence’s <i>Lady Chatterley’s Lover</i> and the legal overreach in its ban: A study of the implications for law and literature

On the one hand, the Age of Enlightenment in Europe triggered off scientific discoveries and technological innovations. Science and Technology became yardsticks for progress in the world. This led to industrialization and the subsequent commodification and annihilation of emotion, spiritual and even sexual life of humankind; on the other hand, in the far East, Iran for example, there is radicalization of religious life and preference of religious life over emotional and sensual life. In Europe, the intellectual life became privileged over the emotional and intuitive life, human relations degenerated so much so that even families grew apart from themselves. Writers as D.H. Lawrence felt the need to draw our attention to the havoc being wreaked on human relations; while Rushdie felt outraged by deification of a man he considered sexually perverse. D.H. Lawrence achieves his aim through the text, Lady Chatterley’s Lover, which was adjudged by the law as pornographic and was, therefore, banned; while Salman Rushdie also achieves his through his The Satanic Verses, which was rather adjudged blasphemous and was also banned with Fatwa placed on the head of the writer. The objective of this paper was to examine aspects of the narrative as lawyers or judges would examine cases to see how Lady Chatterley’s Lover yielded to obscenity to warrant it being banned as well as to understand why the prosecutors failed and why the work was later unbanned. It examined also The Satanic Verses to also see how it yielded to blasphemy and to understand why it was not banned in Western Countries. It is hoped that this study would help in further understanding the relationship between Law and literature. The methodology deployed was textual data analysis; and it was concluded that the determining of justice in law involves interpretation just as interpretation is needed in the pursuit of meaning in the text; and that legal briefs as well as judgments are in themselves narratives just as literature is. Finally is it was concluded that law will eternally be deconstructive in the pursuit truth or fact just as literature the pursuit of meaning in literature will depend on the eternal deconstructive process.

Identity Annihilation in Ann Bradstreet’s Poetry

A ‘City upon a Hill’ has always been the phrase which depicted the ideal and the perfect society the puritans sought to establish in Massachusetts, yet there can be several discrepancies noticed within their social and intellectual life and the way they dealt with the female intellectuals and poets. The current study tackles the way puritan patriarchal society marginalizes female writers and intellectuals, such as Ann Bradstreet, in a way that demolishes their identities. It also aims to depict these female intellectuals as breakers of the social norms in challenging the Puritan spiritual authority and its social system, so their writings were not valuable, and their voices were not heard. More significantly, the study shows how the social/religious conventions created within the puritan were used as a weapon against female writers. Thus, for puritans, the idea of women being writers or poets was not acceptable.

Martin Buber's Creative Manifesto

Abstract This article addresses a creative practice and philosophical line of enquiry that marked the culmination of Martin Buber's first period and was honoured as part of his commitment to community-building thereafter. The article will historicise this period of Buber's intellectual life, it will focus on his iconoclastic statements and gestures that were influenced by normative continental modernisms yet rooted in Jewish tradition, as well as his personal aesthetics, and will place Daniel (1913) at the heart of Buber's early creative emancipatory method. More importantly, it will seek to reframe a Buberian proposition that was abandoned because of the strictures and demands of the academic mannerisms of his time, but cannot be so easily dismissed in our own. It is an invitation for new work on Buber's own creative manifesto, here presented as the history of a practice that was set aside during Buber's academic ‘professionalisation’.

Penggunaan Artificial Intelligence (AI) dalam Pembelajaran: Fenomena Transformasi Otoritas Pengetahuan di Kalangan Mahasiswa

Currently, the use of artificial intelligence has become widespread, especially among students. However, there is a consensus that artificial intelligence brings about some changes in students' intellectual lives, particularly when used excessively. One of the tangible transformations is related to the authorithy of knowledge, where students prefer to complete assignments with the assistance of artificial intelligence without seeking other authoritative sources. This research aims to find answers to the following questions: How has the use of artificial intelligence spread among students? What significant changes in students' intellectual lives as the impact of excessive use of artificial intelligence, particularly concerning the transformation in the authority of knowledge? This study is a qualitative research with a phenomenological approach to investigate a variety of phenomena surrounding the research topic directly from the field. The research was conducted in the Department of Arabic Language Education at STAI Syaichona Moh. Cholil Bangkalan. This research found that: students use AI in learning, such as ChatGPT, chatbots, and AI-based electronic dictionaries, primarily because their lectures are related to language translation. Furthermore, this research also found that a transformation in the authority of knowledge has occurred, transitioning from lecturers and authoritative books to reliable websites, opinions of intellectual figures, and journals published by universities.

The Role of Muhammad Ibn Al-Munkadir in the Intellectual Life and the Blogging Movement in the Umayyad Era (41-132 AH / 661-749 AD)


 
 
 
 ABSTRACT
 Ibn al-Mankadr was an Umayyad-era scholar who possessed a wide range of knowledge in various fields, contributing significantly to the intellectual movement and Arab-Islamic civilization. The narratives that contributed to the documentation of Arab-Islamic history originated from Adam and subsequent prophets, and continued through the pre-Islamic era, the era of prophecy, the Rightly Guided Caliphate, and the Umayyad era, up until the time preceding the latter's demise. The author's narratives are characterized by quality, reliability, and truthfulness. Despite their large number, totaling just over 200 hadiths, they were not considered excessive during that period. The author's literary and artistic sensibilities were apparent in his storytelling, prayers, and commentary on certain poems. He supported the Arab-Islamic codification movement at its beginning, which was a crucial source for scholars who codified the Sunnah during his time and afterwards. One of his students, Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, is considered the first to comprehensively codify the Sunnah and was a contemporary of Ibn al-Munkadir. This represents a fundamental aspect of the initial phase of the Islamic blogging movement.
 
 
 

Leadership Model of Pesantren The Counteract of Religious Blasphemy Movement In Indonesia

Islamic student boarding school (pesantren) an institution that operates in the fields of religion, education, and society, has recently received a sharp focus on issues of religious radicalism and terrorism. Pesantren has long been an institution that has an important contribution to participate in the intellectual life of the Indonesian nation. This study aims to analyze the leadership model in student boarding schools that can counteract the growth and development of religious radicalism movements in Indonesia. This research was phenomenological qualitative research that took place in three student boarding schools in Java, Indonesia. The three student boarding schools were the Al-Hikam Student Islamic Boarding School in Malang City, the Al-Jihad Student Islamic Boarding School in Surabaya, and the Budi Mulia Student Islamic Boarding School in Sleman Yogyakarta. Sources of data used included boarding school administrators, students, and alumni, as well as documents and archives. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, document searches, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). Data analysis was carried out phenomenologically with a systematic procedure. The research findings show that the leadership models in the three student boarding schools generally have similarities even though each pesantren has its characteristics. The leadership model in the three student Islamic boarding schools includes democratic leadership, which is managed in a systematic, open, collegial, and decentralized manner with many individuals who do not fully rely on charisma and are not completely paternalistic. This democratic leadership model has proven to be effective in countering religious radicalism movements in student boarding schools in particular and in society in general.

The Impact of Knowledge on the Interpretation of Ethics

The overall theme of this article is the relationship between knowledge, religion, and ethics in Islam. The first goal is to show how the concept of knowledge has been understood in relation to religion and intellectual life and what the relationship is between universal, philosophical, and religious knowledge. The second goal is to show, using examples from Islamic philosophy of religion, how a certain concept of knowledge affects the interpretation of morals and Islamic ethics. This implies, among other things, a discussion of epistemology, the interpretation of the Qur'an, and the definition of ethical principles. A general assumption is that the definition of a Muslim as a moral agent – which is considered one of the central issues of the Qur'an, Sunnah, and Islam in general – is not given as an unequivocal category, but is subject to constant discussion that takes place at different levels and areas. This is especially evident in modern Islamic philosophical-theological discourse, where Fazlur Rahman, Mohammed Arkoun, Hassan Hanafi, Abdolkarim Soroush, and Amina Wadud are only some of the important actors of the discussion.

Trends in Intellectual Life in Central Asia in the 19th Century (Based on the Works of Nadira, Dilshod Barno and Ahmad Donish)

This article will analyse trends in the development of intellectual life in Central Asia in the 19th century, based on the legacy of three writers. It will provide an overview of the state of the Central Asian khanates in the 19th century, as well as certain historico-political factors, which led to the emergence of the so-called Central Asian intellectual renaissance. Elements of social criticism are already present in Nadira’s (1792–1842) and Dilshod Barno’s (1800–1905) works. Furthermore, in the case of the latter, she produced not only poetry, but also prose, including her famous “Ta’rikhi muhojiron”, where she discussed the period of feudal wars between the Central Asian khanates. The second part of the article is dedicated to the legacy of Ahmad Donish (1827–1897), an intellectual who took part in three Bukharan embassies sent to Saint Petersburg. Special attention is paid to Donish’s most famous work – “Navodir ul-vaqoe’”, as well as to one of its chapters – “Risola dar nazmi tamaddun va taovun”, written in the ‘Mirrors for Princes’ genre. Donish’s “Risola yo mukhtasare az ta’rikhi saltanati khonadoni manghitiya” is also considered in this article. Both works demonstrate that Donish’s criticism of the political and social state of the Emirate of Bukhara was significant. His concept of progress was based on the correct interpretation of Sharia and on the observance of main Islamic traditions.  Overall, this article will demonstrate the development of social criticism in the works of certain Central Asian writers who lived in the 19th century. 

Book review: Samuel Wright, A Time of Novelty: Logic, Emotion, and Intellectual Life in Early Modern India 1500–1700 CE

Samuel Wright, A Time of Novelty: Logic, Emotion, and Intellectual Life in Early Modern India 1500–1700 CE (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021), 278 pp.

AHMED BIN SAHLAL.BALKHI, THE AUTHER OF PICTURES OS REGIONS RESEARCHER

The study in cluded adefinition of one ofe the important personalities. who had agreatimpct in the intellectual life in particular and the Arab Islamic state in general , He lived an impotant historical period its events were storngits influences were , rich and its results were violent in its rise and for its results on the scientific and literary values leftbehind .His biography became the object of admiration and apperciation of scholars, juris. In spite of this personality ,little was written about him, and this great scholar did not receive any much attention . This ambiguity was revealed and the darkness was dispelled .I was ableto reach some important matters that pertion to this great scholar as Arabian and muslimhistorian who was described in the most wonderful descrption and speech despite the lock of scurces and information

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Epilepsy.

Epilepsy is a recurrent, transient seizure disorder of the nervous system that affects the intellectual development, life and work, and psychological health of patients. People with epilepsy worldwide experience great suffering. Stressful stimuli such as infection, mental stress, and sleep deprivation are important triggers of epilepsy, and chronic stressful stimuli can lead to frequent seizures and comorbidities. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the most important system involved in the body's stress response, and dysfunction thereof is thought to be associated with core epilepsy symptoms and related psychopathology. This article explores the intrinsic relationships of corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and glucocorticoids with epilepsy in order to reveal the role of the HPA axis in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. We hope that this information will yield future possible directions and ideas for fully understanding the pathogenesis of epilepsy and developing antiepileptic drugs.

Physiognomy and Visual Judgment in Medieval and Early Modern Europe

From the late Middle Ages through the eighteenth century, the science of physiognomy played a central role in the intellectual life of what we might call “the long Renaissance.” Indeed, it did much to shape both the portrayal and the understanding of personality in the visual and literary arts of the period. But nowhere was its influence greater than in the practice of criminal law. This special issue explores the varied ways that jurists and judges drew on theories—ancient and modern—of how to read the human body, the face especially, in order to help determine whether or not a suspect was guilty or innocent. The articles offer insights into the various ways in which Renaissance thinkers not only drew on ancient and medieval sources for their understanding of human psychology but also continued to elaborate new theories in order to develop what they viewed as a more scientific jurisprudence.

Pirmieji posukiliminiai metai Lietuvos istoriografijoje: kaip archeologus keitė slavistai ir folkloristai. Piotro Bezsonovo atvejis (1865–1866 m.)

The events of 1863–1864 were a turning point in the intellectual life of Vilnius (Rus. Vil’na) and of all Lithuanian and Belarussian gubernias of the then Russian Empire, which were already commonly known as the North-Western krai, i.e. province. The consequences of the defeated uprising – the reorganisation of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities, the closure of the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission, and the establishment of the Vilnius Public Library – became a recognised fact. Vilnius Central Archives, founded in 1852 and significantly enriched by the archives of the estates confiscated after the uprising and of the closed Catholic monasteries, also played a significant role in the imperial policy, as did the archive of the books of the early acts of the gubernias of Vilnius, Kaunas (Rus. Kovno), Gardinas (Rus. Grodno) and Minsk, and the Vilnius Commission for the studies and publication of the books of the early acts. Since all these institutions operated in the premises of the closed Vilnius University, nowadays their history is justifiably or maybe unjustifiably (as the content of this article would suggest) treated as an integral part of the history of the alma mater. The aim of the newly created Russian centre of science and culture was to annihilate the historical memory of the ‘Polish’ intellectual life that had once been bustling within these walls. All four institutions – or rather all three, since after the reorganisation of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities it became a division of the Vilnius Public Library – attracted scholars’ attention. Key personalities who used to work in these institutions were also mentioned and sometimes introduced in greater detail.

Preliminary View on Journalistic and Intellectual Life of Mohammad Said (MS): A Discourse on Anti Colonial Struggle

This work probes the life history and journalistic career of Mohammad Said (1905-1995) in a condensed manner, with much consideration on intensive insight into his personality and writings. In this regard, this study can be classified as an example of microsociology because it departs from the general approach of conventional historiography by absorbing facts concerning grand political events and episodes. He was a self-made intellectual who explored in his writings formidable historical events concerning the migrant workers (koeli kontrak) in North Sumatra, and the Dutch War in Aceh. In addition, it was also pertinent to construct a framework to explain his ideas on the development of nationalism, and the factors that led to independence in the following decades. During the early 20th century, nationalism, identity, and nation-state were a patchwork, and had cleavages in many people’s minds in the Archipelago. Nevertheless, new discourses were developed to gain political consciousness and power through the writings of young journalists and intellectuals like Mohammad Said (MS). The thoughts and actions of MS should be considered as representing the values of his time. In this regard, one can assert that—in a Hegelian way—his self-consciousness helped the readers to comprehend the ‘spirit of the time.’ This study carried some glimpses of the era of tense discussions of independence, and anti-colonial struggles through MS’s intellectual discourse. This approach, namely viewing past political developments through the prism of a social agent, is essential.